The smooth progress of Spain's attack on the Sokoto Caliphate was something Spain itself had not anticipated.
For this vast African nation that is 1,600 kilometers wide and nearly 1,000 kilometers long from north to south, Spain was quite cautious and attentive.
In all of Spain's colonial wars, there had never been a war that allowed Spain to deploy an army of more than 80,000 troops.
Although these 80,000 were colonial troops, it cannot be denied that they were all equipped with standard rifles, forming a modernized army.
Although not comparable to the fighting capabilities of regular European armies, among European colonial armies, auxiliary forces, and the regular armies of other non-European countries, their fighting capabilities are at least among the top ranks.
